Understanding:
• Addiction can be affected by genetic predisposition, social environment and dopamine secretion
An addiction is a dependence on a substance or an activity which results in its repeated and compulsive use
- Stopping is very difficult and can cause severe mental and physical reactions (withdrawal symptoms)
- Addictions can be affected by genetic factors, social factors and dopamine secretion
Genetic Predisposition
- Particular addictions can run in families, suggesting a genetic predisposition (although social factors may contribute)
- Specific genes might influence the rate of drug metabolism or intensity of drug effect (i.e. dopamine secretion)
- Genetic factors may also contribute to personality types that are more inclined towards addictive behaviours
- The genetic predisposition for a particular addiction may be determined by polygenic inheritance
Social Environment
- Individuals raised in environments with prevalent substance abuse are at higher risk of addiction (peer pressure risks)
- Individuals treated with neglect (child abuse) or suffering significant personal trauma are at a higher risk of addiction
- Certain cultures have a higher incidence of addictions (may reflect demographic influences or marketing forces)
- Low socioeconomic status (i.e. poverty) may increase the likelihood of addiction (poor education / lack of support networks)
Dopamine Secretion
- Dopamine is a neurotransmitter released within the limbic system in response to reward (activates pleasure pathways)
- Certain drugs (e.g. cocaine, heroin) and particular activities (e.g. sex, gambling) enhance dopamine activity
- Long-term substance abuse will lead to the down-regulation of dopamine receptors, requiring higher doses to achieve effect
- Consequently, addicts must continue to repeat the addictive activity in order to achieve a diminishing level of reward
Effect of Drug Addiction on Dopamine Activity
